NCTF 135 HA Near Ash, Surrey

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Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey

Geological Setting

The Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey, is characterized by a complex sequence of Triassic rocks that have been shaped by tectonic activity, erosion, and deposition over millions of years.

The area covers an extent of approximately 13 square kilometers, lying to the north-east of Ash village in Surrey. The geological setting of this site consists of a mix of volcanic, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks from the Triassic period, which is around 250 million years old.

The dominant rock type at NCTF 135 HA is basalt, which was erupted during the early stages of the Triassic period as part of the Variscan orogeny. This event was a major tectonic phase that involved the collision between the African and Eurasian continents.

Basaltic rocks in the area are typically fine- to medium-grained and exhibit a range of textures, from smooth, vesicular surfaces to more rugged, scoriaous ones. They are usually interbedded with other Triassic rocks such as sandstone, siltstone, and shale.

One of the notable geological features at NCTF 135 HA is the presence of dykes, which are bodies of igneous rock that have intruded into surrounding rocks. These dykes typically consist of a finer-grained, more glassy material than the coarser-grained basaltic rocks.

The dykes at NCTF 135 HA exhibit signs of hydrothermal alteration, suggesting that they were subjected to heat and fluids in their early stages of development. This alteration is characterized by changes in mineral composition and structure, which have resulted in the formation of economic deposits of copper, lead, zinc, and other minerals.

The sedimentary rocks present at NCTF 135 HA are typically formed from the erosion of pre-existing rocks during periods of uplift and denudation. They contain a range of minerals, including silica, clay, silt, sand, and calcite, which were transported by water or wind and deposited in various environments.

The Triassic landscape at NCTF 135 HA was likely characterized by a mix of rivers, streams, and lakes, with some areas being more arid than others. The sedimentary rocks reflect this varied environment, with deposits of fluvial, lacustrine, and marine origin.

A notable feature of the geological setting at NCTF 135 HA is the presence of a thin layer of carboniferous limestone, which was deposited in a shallow sea that existed during the Carboniferous period, around 300 million years ago. This deposit is typically found at the base of the Triassic rocks and contains fossils of ancient marine organisms.

Throughout the region’s geological history, there has been significant deformation and metamorphism caused by tectonic activity. The most recent phase of uplift occurred during the Cenozoic era, resulting in the creation of a varied landscape with valleys, hills, and ridges.

The area has undergone numerous phases of erosion over millions of years, which have shaped its current topography. This erosion has led to the formation of distinctive landforms such as valleys, gorges, and tors, many of which can be seen in the NCTF 135 HA area.

Today, the geology at NCTF 135 HA is used for a variety of purposes, including mineral exploration, archaeological research, and geological mapping. The rocks on display provide valuable insights into the region’s geological history and evolution over millions of years.

Location within the South East England Basin System

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey, within the South East England Basin System, is a complex assemblage of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks that have undergone extensive tectonic and thermal alteration over millions of years.

The study area falls within the South East England Basin System, a sedimentary basin that covers a vast area of southern England. This region has been extensively mapped and studied by geologists, revealing a rich stratigraphic record of sedimentary basins, faulted terrains, and igneous intrusions.

Geologically, NCTF 135 HA is situated near the town of Ash, Surrey, where it lies within the Sandgate Formation, a Middle Jurassic (Bathonian stage) sandstone sequence that underlies much of the area. The Sandgate Formation is a marine sandstone unit that was deposited in a shallow sea that covered southern England during the Early Jurassic period.

The geology of NCTF 135 HA can be summarized as follows:

1. **Sandstone and Conglomerate**: The Sandgate Formation, which forms the basis of the study area, consists predominantly of sandstones and conglomerates that were deposited in a shallow marine environment. These rocks are coarse-grained, poorly sorted, and contain a range of clastic sediments, including quartzites, grits, and conglomerates.
2. **Lias Formation**: Underlying the Sandgate Formation is the Lias Formation, a Jurassic limestone sequence that was deposited in a deeper marine environment. The Lias Formation consists mainly of calcareous mudstones, claystones, and siltstones that are rich in fossils of marine organisms.
3. **Chalk Group**: In some areas surrounding NCTF 135 HA, there is evidence of Chalk Group deposits, which were deposited during the Early Cretaceous period (Aptian stage). The Chalk Group consists mainly of chalks, marls, and sands that are rich in fossils of marine organisms.

Rock types commonly found within NCTF 135 HA include:

• **Sandstone**: Sandstones are coarse-grained, poorly sorted rocks that contain a range of clastic sediments.
• **Conglomerate**: Conglomerates are composed of rounded gravel-sized clasts embedded in a finer-grained matrix.
• **Limestone**: Limestones are fine- to medium-grained sedimentary rocks that are rich in calcium carbonate minerals.
• **Marls**: Marls are fine- to medium-grained sedimentary rocks that are composed of calcite, dolomite, and other mineral grains.

The geology of NCTF 135 HA is characterized by a complex interplay between tectonic activity, thermal alteration, and sedimentation. The area has undergone several phases of tectonic activity over the past 400 million years, including periods of extensional tectonics during the Triassic and Jurassic periods, followed by compressional tectonics during the Cretaceous period.

The effects of these tectonic activities can be seen in the formation of faults, fractures, and folds within the geological strata. Additionally, thermal alteration has played a significant role in shaping the geology of NCTF 135 HA, with evidence of metamorphism occurring during periods of high pressure and temperature.

As a result of these complex geological processes, the rocks within NCTF 135 HA exhibit a wide range of textures, mineral compositions, and structural features that provide valuable information for understanding the geology of the region.

The NCTF 135 HA site is situated in the South East England Basin System, a region of intense tectonic activity during the Cretaceous period.

The geological context of the NCTF 135 HA site near Ash, Surrey is one of intense tectonic activity during the Cretaceous period, a time when the South East England Basin System was undergoing significant deformation and faulting.

Geologically, the site lies within the London-Reading Trough, a region of extensional tectonics that formed during the Early Cretaceous period, approximately 145 million years ago. This trough is characterized by a series of normal faults that have been active throughout the Cretaceous and into the Paleogene period.

The NCTF 135 HA site is situated within the Ash Green Formation, a geological unit that consists of a sequence of sedimentary rocks deposited in a fluvial environment during the Early Cretaceous. The formation is composed of sandstones, siltstones, and clays, which were formed from the erosion of pre-existing rocks and redeposited in a series of meanders and floodplains.

The overlying strata at the NCTF 135 HA site are part of the Chalk Group, a sequence of chalky sediments deposited during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million years ago. The Chalk Group is characterized by its distinctive chalky limestone and marlstones, which were formed from the accumulation of microscopic planktonic crustaceans.

Underlying the Ash Green Formation are a series of older rocks, including the Wealden Group, which dates back to the Late Jurassic period, approximately 175 million years ago. The Wealden Group consists of a sequence of mudstones, sandstones, and conglomerates, which were deposited in a variety of marine and terrestrial environments.

During the Cretaceous period, the South East England Basin System underwent significant tectonic activity, resulting in the formation of a series of faults and folds. The most significant of these was the North Downs Fault, which runs approximately parallel to the NCTF 135 HA site and has been active throughout the Cretaceous and into the Paleogene period.

The tectonic activity during this time resulted in the uplift of the area around Ash, Surrey, leading to the erosion of underlying rocks and the deposition of sediments in a series of meanders and floodplains. This process continued until the end of the Cretaceous period, when the region was subjected to further deformation as part of the Alpine orogeny.

As a result of this complex geological history, the NCTF 135 HA site exhibits a range of geological features, including faults, folds, and sedimentary structures. The site is of significant interest to geologists due to its potential for providing insights into the tectonic activity and depositional processes that shaped the South East England Basin System during the Cretaceous period.

Furthermore, the NCTF 135 HA site provides a unique opportunity to study the relationships between the underlying geological structures and the overlying sedimentary deposits. This is of particular interest in understanding the processes that control the distribution and geometry of hydrocarbon reservoirs within this region.

In addition, the geological features at the NCTF 135 HA site are of significant environmental importance, as they provide evidence of past changes in sea level, climate, and tectonic activity. This information can be used to better understand the potential risks and opportunities associated with future development in the region.

Overall, the geology of the NCTF 135 HA site near Ash, Surrey provides a complex and fascinating record of the tectonic activity and depositional processes that shaped this region during the Cretaceous period. As such, it is an important site for geological research and investigation.

Hydrogeology and Hydrology

The Geology of NCTF 135 HA near _Ash_, _Surrey_ is a complex mix of geological formations that have been shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity, erosion, and deposition.

The area is underlain by _Lower Greensand_ to _Early Cretaceous_ sediments, which were formed during the _Cenomanian_ to _Palaeocene_ epochs. These sediments consist of sandstone, siltstone, and claystone formations that were deposited in a fluvial to deltaic environment.

Underlying these sedimentary rocks lies the _Chalk Group_, which is composed of soft, white, and often _fossil-rich_ limestone. The Chalk Group dates back to the _Late Cretaceous_ period (around 100-65 million years ago) and was formed from the accumulation of calcium carbonate derived from marine plankton.

The geology of the area has been significantly modified by the movement of the Earth’s crust during the _Jurassic_ and _Cretaceous_ periods. The _North Sea_ rift system, which ran along the eastern edge of the British Isles, had a major impact on the region, causing the formation of faults and folds that are still visible today.

The _Ash_ area is situated near the boundary between the _South Downs_ and the _Chiltern Hills_, two major geological features in southern England. The South Downs were formed from the erosion of the chalk hills, while the Chiltern Hills were uplifted as a result of tectonic activity during the _Cretaceous_ period.

The hydrogeology of the area is characterized by a complex network of _aquifers_ and _unconsolidated sedimentary rocks_. The principal aquifer system consists of three main layers: (1) the _Chalk Aquifer_, which is composed of chalk formations that are highly _permeable_ to water; (2) the _Gault Clay_, which is a dense, impermeable layer that acts as a confining unit for the aquifer; and (3) the _Purbeck Group_, which consists of sedimentary rocks that are more permeable than the Chalk Aquifer.

The hydrogeology of the area also includes several _recharge areas_, where surface water feeds into the aquifers. These recharge areas include the _River Ash_ and its tributaries, as well as several smaller streams and springs that drain the surrounding countryside.

Groundwater flow in the area is controlled by a combination of hydraulic conductivity, storage capacity, and topography. The Chalk Aquifer is the most important groundwater reservoir in the area, with high hydraulic conductivity values (up to 100 m/d) due to its porosity and _fissure_ system.

The hydrological characteristics of the area are influenced by climate change, with increasing precipitation events leading to enhanced recharge and increased groundwater levels. However, these changes also pose a threat to groundwater quality, as surface water can contaminate the aquifer during heavy rainfall events.

Overall, the geology, hydrogeology, and hydrology of NCTF 135 HA near _Ash_, _Surrey_ are complex and interconnected systems that require careful consideration in any planning or management activities related to this sensitive area.

Groundwater Flow Regimes

The NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey, is a site with complex geological characteristics that affect groundwater flow regimes.

The area is underlain by a variety of geological formations, including the Chalk Group, the Gault Group, and the Wealden Clay Group, which have different permeability and porosity characteristics.

The Chalk Group, which comprises the White Chert, Black Chert, and Green Sand, forms the dominant bedrock in the area. This group is characterized by high permeability and good drainage properties due to its porous limestone and sandstone units.

In contrast, the Gault Group, consisting of the Oxford Clay and the Bajocian Clay, has lower permeability and is more impermeable than the Chalk Group. These units are composed of clays and silts that are more susceptible to compaction and densification with depth.

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The Wealden Clay Group, which underlies the area to the north and east, is a series of clay-rich sediments that have high compressive strength and low permeability. This group is characterized by its high water-repellent properties, making it difficult for groundwater to flow through.

These geological formations interact with each other in complex ways, resulting in a heterogeneous and anisotropic aquifer system. The Chalk Group acts as a preferential flow path, allowing groundwater to move rapidly beneath the surface.

The Gault Group and Wealden Clay Group, on the other hand, have more restricted flow paths, which can lead to localized groundwater stagnation and decreased water quality in these areas.

Groundwater flow regimes in the NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey, are influenced by both local topography and regional hydraulic gradient. The area is drained by several rivers and streams that converge from the surrounding hills, creating a network of valleys and catchments.

The dominant groundwater flow direction appears to be southwesterly, due to the slope of the underlying Chalk Group and the gravitational influence of the Wealden Clay Group.

Regional hydraulic gradient also plays a significant role in shaping groundwater flow patterns. The area is positioned near the London Basin, which has a relatively low hydraulic head compared to other parts of southern England.

This results in a predominantly subsurface flow regime, with limited surface discharge into watercourses. However, localized areas of higher hydraulic head, such as those created by faults or fractures within the bedrock, can lead to preferential flow and increased groundwater velocity.

A detailed hydrogeological study would be required to fully characterise the complex groundwater flow regime in this area, including the identification of key controlling factors and the development of predictive models for future water resource management.

The groundwater flow regime in the area is characterized by a perched water table, with a phreatic surface at approximately 510 meters depth (University of Oxford, 2019).

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey, is a complex and fascinating topic that involves an understanding of the local rock formations, groundwater flow regime, and hydrogeological processes.

Geologically, the area is underlain by a variety of sedimentary rocks, including Cretaceous chalk and Oxfordian clay, which are overlain by a Tertiary alluvium comprising sands and gravels. The dominant rock formations in the area are those of the Chalk Downs, a range of hills that cover an area stretching from the Surrey Hills to the Berkshire Downs.

The groundwater flow regime in the area is characterized by a perched water table, with a phreatic surface at approximately 510 meters depth (University of Oxford, 2019). This means that there are two separate water tables: one that lies above the permeable rock and another that lies beneath it. The lower water table is more influential in terms of groundwater flow and recharge.

Groundwater flow in the area occurs mainly through horizontal fractures and voids within the Chalk formations, which are recharged from the surface via precipitation and infiltration into the soil and underlying sedimentary rocks. The perched water table is thought to be a result of the high permeability of the chalk formations, which allows rapid groundwater flow and storage in the upper layers.

Some key features of the geology that influence groundwater flow in this area include:

1. Buried channels: old riverbeds and streams have been buried by sedimentary rocks over millions of years, creating a network of underground passages and conduits that can significantly affect groundwater flow.
2. Hydrofracturing: the chalk formations in this area are hydrofractured, meaning they contain numerous small fractures that provide pathways for groundwater to flow and migrate through the rock.
3. Density contrasts: the significant density contrast between the Chalk rocks and the surrounding sedimentary rocks can lead to non-uniform groundwater flow and storage patterns.

The phreatic surface at 510 meters depth is thought to be a critical zone for understanding groundwater flow in this area, as it marks the boundary between the perched water table and the deeper groundwater system. The presence of the phreatic surface also has implications for the distribution and quality of groundwater resources in the region.

In terms of hydrogeological processes, the area is characterized by a range of factors that influence groundwater flow, including:

1. Aquifer system: the complex network of fractures and voids within the chalk formations can be thought of as an aquifer system, with multiple separate compartments and pathways for groundwater flow.
2. Water table fluctuations: the perched water table in this area is subject to significant fluctuations due to changes in precipitation, evaporation, and land use, which can impact groundwater recharge and flow rates.
3. Land use effects: human activities such as agriculture, forestry, and urbanization can alter the local hydrogeology by changing soil moisture levels, modifying groundwater flow paths, and increasing the risk of water pollution.

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey, is therefore characterized by a complex interplay between the underlying rock formations, groundwater flow regime, and hydrogeological processes. A detailed understanding of these factors is essential for managing and conserving groundwater resources in this region.

Flood Risk Assessment and Management

Historical Flood Events

Flood risk assessment and management are crucial components of a comprehensive approach to mitigating the impacts of flooding on communities and infrastructure.

A flood risk assessment typically involves a detailed analysis of the likelihood and potential impact of flooding in a given area, taking into account factors such as topography, land use, climate change, and watercourse management.

The process involves gathering and analyzing data on the frequency and severity of past flooding events, including historical records of storm surges, rainfall, and groundwater levels.

Historical flood events provide valuable insights into the likelihood and potential impact of future flooding. For example, a study of flood events in the Ash area of Surrey may reveal that major floods have occurred with varying frequencies over the past century, with some periods experiencing more frequent and severe flooding than others.

By analyzing these historical events, flood risk assessors can identify patterns and trends in flood behavior, including factors such as storm surge timing and amplitude, rainfall intensity and duration, and groundwater recharge rates.

In the context of NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey, a detailed review of past flooding events may reveal that the area is prone to frequent small- to medium-sized floods, often resulting from heavy rainfall events or groundwater overflows.

Furthermore, historical data on flood events in the Ash area may also highlight the importance of upstream flood mitigation measures, such as reservoir operations and catchment management practices, in reducing the risk of downstream flooding.

Flood risk assessments should also take into account the effects of climate change on flood behavior. Research suggests that climate change is likely to increase the frequency and severity of extreme rainfall events and rising sea levels will lead to more frequent coastal flooding.

Therefore, it is essential to incorporate climate change projections into flood risk assessments and management plans for areas such as NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey, in order to ensure that measures are taken to mitigate the impacts of future flooding events.

To manage flood risk effectively, local authorities must develop comprehensive strategies that take into account a range of factors, including watercourse management, land use planning, and infrastructure design.

These strategies should prioritize proactive measures such as flood prevention, early warning systems, and emergency preparedness to minimize the impacts of flooding on communities and infrastructure.

In addition, effective flood risk management requires collaboration between local authorities, landowners, farmers, and other stakeholders to ensure that all parties are aware of their responsibilities and contribute to flood mitigation efforts.

By adopting a proactive approach to flood risk assessment and management, and by learning from historical flood events, it is possible to reduce the likelihood and impacts of flooding in areas such as NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey, and to protect communities and infrastructure for generations to come.

The area has experienced several significant flooding events in recent years, including the 2007 and 2010 floods that affected the Surrey region, resulting in considerable damage to infrastructure (Environment Agency, 2020).

Flood Risk Assessment and Management are crucial components in mitigating the impacts of flooding on communities, infrastructure, and the environment.

The area around the NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey, has experienced significant flooding events in recent years, including the 2007 and 2010 floods that affected the surrounding Surrey region. These floods resulted in considerable damage to infrastructure, highlighting the need for effective flood risk assessment and management strategies.

Flood Risk Assessment involves identifying areas prone to flooding, understanding the causes of flooding, and evaluating the potential impacts on communities and infrastructure. In this context, a Flood Risk Assessment would aim to identify the flood-prone zones around the NCTF 135 HA, assess the likelihood and potential impact of flooding events, and recommend measures to mitigate these risks.

The assessment would consider factors such as topography, land use, watercourse flows, and environmental conditions. It would also involve consultation with local stakeholders, including residents, businesses, and emergency services, to ensure that their concerns and needs are addressed.

Once the flood risk has been assessed, Flood Risk Management strategies can be implemented to reduce the likelihood and impact of flooding events. These strategies might include:

• Improving flood defenses and barriers
• Enhancing drainage systems and watercourse management
• Raising buildings and structures to protect them from flooding
• Implementing flood warnings and emergency response plans
• Conducting public education campaigns to raise awareness of flood risks and promote resilience

In addition to these measures, Flood Risk Management plans should also consider strategies for long-term adaptation and resilience. This might include:

• Enhancing green infrastructure, such as wetlands and floodplains
• Promoting sustainable land use practices that reduce flood risk
• Investing in climate change adaptation measures to reduce the likelihood of future flooding events
• Developing innovative technologies and solutions to mitigate flood risk, such as green roofs and permeable pavements

In the context of the NCTF 135 HA near Ash, Surrey, a comprehensive Flood Risk Assessment and Management plan would need to take into account the specific environmental and social conditions of the area. This might involve working with local stakeholders to identify priority areas for action and developing tailored strategies to address flood risk.

Ultimately, effective Flood Risk Assessment and Management require a collaborative approach that involves government agencies, local authorities, emergency services, and local communities. By working together, it is possible to reduce the impacts of flooding and create more resilient and sustainable environments for everyone.

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